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In Hb M disease, treatment with both MB and ascorbic acid is ineffective because the ferric state in Hb M is stabilized. The Hb M structural variants are unstable or characterized by decreased oxygen affinities rather than other causes of methemoglobinemia, such as oxidative stress or enzymatic deficiency (CYB5R3). Treatment with MB would be undesirable, because as an oxidating agent, MB itself poses a risk of hemolytic anemia and could exacerbate methemoglobinemia. Exposure to any oxidizing agent should be avoided since these patients exhibit an increased risk of progression to symptomatic methemoglobinemia. Since there are no effective treatment options for patients with Hb M disease, counseling should focus on reassuring the patient about their benign condition and offering genetic testing to first-degree relatives.

COSHH Hazard Symbols are pictograms which allow you to easily identify potential hazards associated with any substances you might use in your workplace.

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In the radioiodination reactions, the adjustment of the reaction pH has great impact on the radioiodination yield as it highly affects the redox potential of the utilized oxidizing agent (Moustapha 2020). In this experimental study, the oxidizing agent (CAT) loosed some of its oxidizing power by raising the pH of the reaction mixture toward the alkaline medium. This may be justified by the CAT can be present in active forms (HOCl and H2OCl+) in acidic medium while the less reactive species (HOCl and ClO) appeared in alkaline one (Rashed et al. 2014). Figure 2(b) revealed that the potential pH which can achieve the maximum radioiodination yield (94.6 ± 1.66) is 5. At this pH, the maximum oxidizing power of CAT is attained which has the capability of oxidizing most of the iodine to iodonium (I+) facilitating the electrophilic substitution of H+ of the resveratrol ring by the iodonium (I+) (Mahmoud et al. 2020; Sanad 2021). By shifting the pH of the reaction mixture toward the highly acidic one, the radioiodination yield significantly reduced to be 77 ± 2.07 at pH 1. Furthermore, shifting the reaction pH toward the neutral and alkaline mediums lead to dwindling the radioiodination yield (87.2 ± 1.38 and 82 ± 1.03 at pH 7 and 9, respectively) that could be explained by the formation of undesirable oxidative forms of iodine (hypoiodite ion (IO−) and iodate (IO−3)) (Abdel-Ghany et al. 2013; Moustapha et al. 2013).

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COSHH hazard symbols are important in promoting a safe place of work by effectively communicating potential hazards and enabling individuals to take appropriate precautions.

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You may find some items in your workplace have more than one pictogram on them because they contain more than one harmful substance.

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An oxidizing agent is a species that causes another atom to lose electrons; that is, to be oxidized. The oxidizing agent removes the electrons; therefore, the oxidizing agent is the atom (or corresponding molecule), which itself is reduced. In the reactions previously described, Cu was reduced and removed electrons from Zn; therefore, Cu was the oxidizing agent; oxygen was reduced and removed electrons from carbon; oxygen was the oxidizing agent.

Industries: Petrochemicals, Chemical Manufacturing, Oil and Gas, Paint and Coatings, Woodworking and Furniture, Pharmaceutical Manufacturing, Printing, Textiles.

Hazard symbols and meanings

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To understand the role of free radicals and antioxidants in the human body, it is important to grasp the relationship between oxidation and reduction processes, which are constantly taking place in the body. Oxidation is a process in which an atom or molecule gains oxygen, loses hydrogen, or loses an electron. For example, carbon gains oxygen during oxidation and becomes carbon dioxide. A superoxide radical loses an electron during oxidation and becomes oxygen. Thus, an oxidizing agent is a molecule or atom that changes another chemical by adding oxygen to it or by removing electron or hydrogen from it. Examples of oxidizing agents are free radicals, ozone, and ionizing radiation.

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Industries: Chemical Industry, Metal Fabrication and Welding, Water Treatment, Lab work, Healthcare, Cleaning, Firefighting.

Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent that has been studied for applications in the food industry (Khadre et al. 2001; Varga and Szigeti 2016) and in dentistry (Hems et al. 2005; Knight et al. 2008; Domb 2014) as a disinfectant. Lower concentrations that are suboptimal for biofilm inactivation (0.1–2 ppm) were examined in these studies. Food industry and dentistry-related research suggests that ozonated water can be used to control biofilms by preventing their formation (Knight et al. 2008), destroying the surrounding matrix, causing lysis of microorganisms within an established biofilm (Dosti et al. 2005; Robbins et al. 2005; Huth et al. 2009), and/or by destroying endotoxins and other compounds released upon microbial lysis (Rezaee et al. 2008).

These symbols convey important information about the risks posed by certain chemicals or materials. Understanding them is essential for maintaining a safe working environment and for mitigating the risks of exposure to hazardous substances.

Industries: Chemical Manufacturing, Industrial Facilities, Agricultural Operations, Mining Sites, Waste Management Facilities, Transportation of Hazardous Materials, Oil and Gas Operations, Chemical Storage Facilities, Construction Sites, Marine Environments.

Training staff to recognise COSHH hazard symbols demonstrates your commitment to employee safety and will help prevent accidents and the potential for harm.

As is so well-known by now, all actions of ROS are not always pathological. There are many vital functions in the body based on the oxidative process. In the same way, all reducing systems are not necessarily health-promoting. Indeed in the vascular endothelium and ROS are disease-causing, and reducing systems are protective. On the other hand, many reductants also act as oxidizing agents at times. A classic example of this is water-soluble vitamin E analogue Trolox-C. It shows both reducing and oxidative properties in vitro.56 Such behaviours of some reductants have made clinicians cautious in recommending universal usage of reducing systems.

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Industries: Mining, Construction, Manufacturing, Agriculture, Chemical Industry, Healthcare, Waste Management, Textile Industry, Transportation, Nuclear Industry.

Industries: Chemical Manufacturing, Metal Fabrication, Oil and Gas Industry, Battery Manufacturing, Electronics Manufacturing, Water Treatment, Cleaning Industry, Automotive Maintenance, Laboratories, Agriculture.

Industries: Welders and Metal Fabricators, Plumbers and Pipefitters, Heating and Ventilation Technicians, Firefighters, Lab Technicians, Manufacturing and Industrial, Medical Professionals, Brewery Industry, Divers.

Industries: Chemical Manufacturing, Construction, Mining, Manufacturing, Agriculture, Healthcare, Waste Management, Transportation, Cleaning Services, Emergency Response.