YJ-SP-A08 12V 24V 8 Gang Slimline LED Rocker Switch ... - switch panel 8

 2024-09-15 04:37:34

In the downloads, there are two assembly files. You will need MPLAB and a programmer for the chips. For the transmitter, solder IC1 and IC2 to the top side of the board. Solder the three resistors, three diodes (note polarity), and the voltage regulator. Solder a piece of 1/2” solder braid to the hole marked Gnd. Solder the 10 µF cap. Turn over the board and solder the 470 µF capacitor to the bottom side of the board (noting its polarity). There's a template file with the downloads. Cut out the templates and glue (using glue stick) them to the small transmitter aluminum box. Drill the antenna hole using a 5/16” drill. Drill four 1/8” holes for the wires. Remove the templates with hot water.

Put a small bead of silicone glue around the inside of the 3.25” hole in the box. Mount the Plexiglas to the inside of the box using one 6-32 screw where the antenna will be. Use three each of 3/4” 6-32 screws for the remaining holes. Add the 3/8” standoffs. The board holes will self-thread or you can secure the board to the chassis using three 6-32 nuts. Once tightened, use fingernail polish to secure the nuts. Add a small amount of silicone glue around the antenna. Push the antenna through the hole and fasten with its screw. Its flat area should be on the LED side of the board (Figure 4). Add the plug to the switch hole. Drill two holes in the lid to hold the battery box; secure the battery box either with screws or pop rivet. Now you can mount the eye bolts. Secure the nuts with nail polish. The box I used is water resistant. It should do fine in rain, snow, and mud. However, I would not submerge the unit in water (e.g., a boat trailer). See “Hints and Tips” in the downloads for a submergible unit.

Li, J., Xiong, J., Liu, P. et al. Eye signs as a novel risk predictor in pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Adv Rheumatol 64, 15 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42358-024-00356-0

The unit presented here can be installed in minutes and can also be carried for emergency taillights in the event the wires are ripped from the trailer.

The taillights have two rings of LEDS. The outer ring is for the taillights; the inner ring is for the brake or turn signals. Only two signals need to be deciphered per unit. The signal for the opposite unit is ignored. The receiver chips are coded for left and right turn signals.

Using the template (from the downloads), glue it to the 4” square of plastic lens. Drill four 9/64” mounting holes through the lens. Glue another template to the box; drill five 9/64” holes (including the center hole). Secure the chassis in a vise and using the center hole for a guide, drill a 3.25” hole using a fly cutter. You may have to sand or file the corners a small amount on both the plastic lens and the board to make them fit.

Based on the 2015 European guidelines, all patients were divided into low-risk, moderate-risk, and high-risk groups using a multiparameter risk stratification scale, as shown in Table 3. NT-proBNP, 6MWD, VD, and MFI showed significant differences among different risk groups, while pulmonary arterial pressure (PH) did not show significant differences.

A total of 29 SLE-PAH patients were enrolled, comprising 12 in the improved group and 17 in the nonimproved group. All SLE-PAH patients showed various manifestations of eye signs, including vessel twisting, dilation, ischaemic areas, haemorrhages, reticulum deformity, and wound spots. The nonimproved group exhibited significantly lower vessel density (VD) and microvascular flow index (MFI) of conjunctival microvascular images than the improved group. Correlation analysis revealed that VD displayed a negative correlation with the WHO-FC (r = −0.413, p = 0.026) and NT-proBNP (r = −0.472, p = 0.010), as well as a positive correlation with the 6MWD (r = 0.561, p = 0.002). Similarly, MFI exhibited a negative correlation with WHO-FC (r = −0.408, p = 0.028) and NT-proBNP (r = −0.472, p = 0.010) and a positive correlation with 6MWD (r = 0.157, p = 0.004). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that VD (OR 10.11, 95% CI 1.95–52.36), MFI (OR 7.85, 95% CI 1.73–35.67), NT-proBNP, and 6MWD were influential factors in predicting the prognostic improvement of SLE-PAH patients. ROC curve analysis demonstrated that VD, MFI, 6MWD, and NT-proBNP (with respective AUC values of 0.83, 0.83, 0.76, and 0.90, respectively) possessed a sensitivity and specificity of 75 and 100%, as well as 83 and 100%, respectively. Regarding prognostic prediction, VD and MFI exhibited higher sensitivity than 6MWD, whereas MFI displayed higher sensitivity and specificity than NT-proBNP.

This study was supported by grants from the Health Development Planning CommissioScience TCM Foundation of Jiangxi Province (No. 2018B004), Health Commission’s Spark Program Project of Jiangxi Province (No: 20198010) and the the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 82260898).

Giuggioli D, Riccieri V, Cipolletta E, et al. Peripheral microangiopathy changes in pulmonary arterial hypertension related to systemic sclerosis: data from a multicenter observational study. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:924899.

Eye signs, introduced by Professor Li Guoxian in 1988, are a reliable and effective method for evaluating the severity of blood stasis syndrome. Eye signs are known for their specificity and sensitivity in assessing the condition [5]. In clinical practice, we have observed some distinct manifestations of conjunctival microcirculation in patients with hypercoagulability. These included vessel twisting, dilation, haemorrhages, ischaemic areas, reticulum deformity, microangioma, and wound spots (Fig. 1), collectively referred to as eye signs. In large-scale, multicentre studies, eye signs have been proven to be a valuable diagnostic tool for assessing systemic hypercoagulability and microcirculation disorders. Furthermore, we established relevant scoring criteria to evaluate patients with microcirculatory disturbances [6]. It was preliminarily discovered that eye signs were associated with cardiopulmonary function and can be used to assess the risk of mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus with pulmonary arterial hypertension [7]. To further investigate the role of eye signs in pulmonary arterial hypertension and explore the predictive value of eye signs in the treatment response and prognosis of SLE-PAH, this prospective observational study observed conjunctival microvessel manifestations of eye signs and compared the differences in eye sign parameters between improved and nonimproved groups after 6 months of follow-up.

Theodorakopoulou MP, Minopoulou I, Sarafidis P, et al. Vascular endothelial injury assessed with functional techniques in systemic sclerosis patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension versus systemic sclerosis patients without pulmonary arterial hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatol Int 2021;41:1045–53.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs and systems in the human body. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is one of the most severe complications of SLE and is associated with poor prognosis and high mortality rates. The 5-year survival rate of SLE-related PAH ranges from 50 to 62.9% [1, 2]. PAH can lead to systemic microcirculatory impairments [3]. Microcirculation refers to the circulation of blood between arterioles and venules, comprising the peripheral component of the circulatory system. It serves as a crucial site for substance exchange between blood and tissue cells. Common sites for assessing systemic microcirculation include the nail bed, tongue, and conjunctiva. Compared to other sites for evaluating systemic microcirculation, the conjunctiva is minimally influenced by external temperature and offers closer insights into visceral microcirculatory alterations [4].

You can mount the taillights using small bungee cords or hang them upside down from the bottom eye bolt. Make sure the taillights are on their appropriate side. Plug the transmitter in the trailer connector. For best reception, make sure the transmitter antenna and the receiver antennas are in the same plane. ALWAYS TEST THE UNITS BEFORE TRAVELING. Happy trails (and towing!) to you. NV

A friend of mine needed help solving a problem his local construction firm was having with his big gravel trailers and water tankers. His employees kept breaking the taillights and/or ripping out the towing harnesses. This caused a sizable amount of down time and expense due to repairs. As you know, it is illegal to tow without taillights, and my friend’s rigs are big. It is a disaster waiting to happen if wiring harnesses are being flexed too much.

LEDS draw small amounts of energy and can be powered using small batteries for long periods of time. That makes them ideal for this type of project.

ROC curve analysis demonstrated that VD had a threshold of 1.75 (AUC 0.83, 95% CI 0.62–1.00, sensitivity 75%, specificity 100%), MFI had a threshold of 1.85 (AUC 0.83, 95% CI 0.62–1.00, sensitivity 83%, specificity 100%), 6MWD had a threshold of 461.5 (AUC 0.76, 95% CI 0.58–0.94, sensitivity 25%, specificity 100%), and NT-proBNP had a threshold of 664.25 (AUC 0.90, 95% CI 0.78–1.00, sensitivity 88%, specificity 83%). All these indicators effectively differentiated between SLE-PAH patients with improvement and those without improvement (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively) (Table 4).

Featured microvascular alterations of eye signs: ischaemic area (more than 3 capillary grid areas without vessels under a 40× microscope); reticulum deformity (the capillaries increase, the mesh decreases, and the dendrites become grid-like); microangioma (can be divided into local round, fusiform, cystic dilation, or isolated and scattered around the vessel); and wound spot (vascular blind end-shaped brown, purple, or dark blue material deposition). Bleeding is exudative (fuzzy vessel wall), and there are ruptures (wound spots, patches) around capillaries

To keep in compliance with FCC regulations, the “lights are on” signal only transmits once every 10 seconds when the lights are turned on. The brake and turn signals transmit when needed. This keeps the transmission rate to a minimum.

Pranskunas A, Pilvinis V, Dambrauskas Z, et al. Early course of microcirculatory perfusion in eye and digestive tract during hypodynamic sepsis. Crit Care 2012;16:R83.

The receiver acquires the signals and passes the data to the 12F508 which decodes the serial data. All three micros must be coded with the same keys as the transmitter for the system to work. Two bytes are extracted from the serial data. The first byte and part of the second byte is checked to see if the key is identical. If this data matches, it decodes the last three bits which determine what the taillights do.

The Linx Technologies TXM-433-LR transmitter module that I’m using here (see Parts List) only needs an antenna and does not require any other external components to transmit. However, the antenna and chip do need a ground plane (which both the board and chassis provide).

Hessler M, Arnemann PH, Zamit F, et al. Monitoring of conjunctival microcirculation reflects sublingual microcirculation in ovine septic and hemorrhagic shock. Shock 2019;51:479–86.

Various microvascular changes in eye signs were observed in SLE-PAH patients, including decreased vessel number (ischaemic areas), increased vessel number (reticulum deformity), changes in vascular morphology (twisting, dilation, microangioma) and vascular venous injury (haemorrhage and wound spots). Decreased VD and MFI were associated with poor cardiopulmonary function. Compared to conventional risk assessment indicators for pulmonary hypertension, WHO functional class (HR 0.12, 95% CI 0.02–0.75, p = 0.024), 6MWD (HR 1.02, 95% CI 1.00–1.03, p = 0.039), NT-proBNP (HR 0.99, p = 0.010), VD (HR 10.11, p = 0.006) and MFI (HR 7.85, p = 0.008) appeared to be more effective in predicting inadequate therapeutic response and poor prognosis of SLE-PAH.

This study was conducted at a single centre and involved a relatively small sample size. Moreover, it included only patients from China, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other populations. To confirm the clinical significance of vessel density (VD) and the microvascular flow index (MFI) in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), further research with more diverse and larger sample sizes is essential. While additional clinical trials are necessary to refine parameter calculations and achieve standardization, the undeniable convenience and feasibility of conjunctival microcirculation assessment make it a promising method that warrants further clinical promotion and application in various demographic settings.

Xiong J, Peng Y, Li J, et al. Total iron binding capacity: an independent predictor of prognosis for pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand J Rheumatol. 2023;22:1–5.

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

This project does involve a small amount of surface soldering and chassis drilling. A Microchip programmer is a plus, however, programmed chips and the PCBs are available from the Nuts & Volts webstore. The board file is also in the downloads. You will need to cut the board (a shear works best). The cost of the parts is under $100 in addition to the boards. This may sound a little on the expensive side, but considering the cost and installation of wired taillights — especially if you have several trailers — it’s a bargain.

This prospective observational study recruited patients diagnosed with SLE-PAH from Jan. 2021 to Dec. 2021 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University; those with other potential causes of PAH were excluded. The evaluation of various parameters, such as N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), 6-minute walking distance (6MWD), World Health Organization functional class (WHO-FC), echocardiography, and risk stratification based on the 2015 European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/European Respiratory Society (ERS) Guidelines, was conducted at intervals of every 1–3 months, and a 6-month follow-up period was observed. The primary outcome measure considered improvement if there was a decline in the risk stratification grade at the end point and unimproved if there was no decline. Conjunctival microvascular images were observed and recorded.

Thakkar V, Lau EM.Connective tissue disease-related pulmonary arterial hypertension. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2016;30(1):22–38.

JLi, BXiong, and CLiu: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, resources, software, writing-original draft, writing-review and editing. LPeng and SCai: conceptualization, supervision, formal analysis, writing-review and editing. XFang, JYu, and JZhao: conceptualization, supervision, writing-review and editing. RWu: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, resources, software, supervision, validation, visualization, writing-original draft, writing-review and editing.

Prabu A, Patel K, Yee CS, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with lupus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009;48:1506–11.

Shoji MK, Cousins CC, Saini C, et al. Paired optic nerve microvasculature and nailfold capillary measurements in primary open-angle glaucoma. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021;10:13.

The transmitter sends codes to the receivers which decode the signals and turn on the LEDS. The range of the transmitter/receivers is about 300 ft.

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With three lines, there is a possible combination of six states (23 = 6). The 12F508 decodes which wires are hot and converts this into the first three bits of a byte. The micro is programmed to produce a serial data output of 16 bits. This allows 213 = 8,192 transmitter combinations.

Simonneau G, Montani D, Celermajer DS, et al. Haemodynamic definitions and updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2019;53:1801913.

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Aringer M, Costenbader K, Daikh D, et al. 2019 Europeanleague against rheumatism/American college of rheumatology classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rhematol 2019;71:1400–12.

The transmitter consists of a microcontroller, transmitter, three diodes, three resistors, a voltage regulator, and two capacitors. Each trailer connector wire provides 12 volts when switched. Diodes are connected to each wire and their cathodes are connected together. The diodes prevent the return of current to the other wires. A three volt linear voltage regulator is used to reduce the voltage to the ICs. The large 470 capacitor stores just enough energy to transmit an off signal when the lights are turned off. The 10 µF capacitor filters the output of the voltage regulator.

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PAH is a severe and progressive pulmonary vascular disease characterized by elevated pulmonary artery pressure and increased pulmonary artery resistance, leading to right ventricular failure and mortality. The REVEAL registry study in the United States revealed that CTD-related PAH accounts for 25.3% of all PAH cases. SLE and systemic sclerosis (SSc) are the most common CTDs associated with PAH [12]. An analysis of the causes of death among SLE patients in China over the past 30 years found that SLE-PAH was the third leading cause of death among SLE patients [13]. The pathogenesis of CTD-PAH is complex, making treatment challenging, as even with novel targeted combination therapies, the three-year mortality rate among moderate- to high-risk patients remains as high as 56% [14].

To investigate the role of eye signs in predicting poor outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).

VD and MFI have gained increasing attention as crucial assessments for haemodynamic changes and systemic microcirculation disorders in critically ill patients. Research on microcirculation evaluation in sepsis and critical care monitoring has shown that VD and MFI can determine the fluid resuscitation needs of ICU patients [22, 23]. There is currently a lack of relevant research on VD and MFI for assessing SLE-PAH. A previous cross-sectional study showed that VD and MFI in conjunctival microvasculature were associated with risk levels of mortality in SLE-PAH [7]. Further investigation into the measurement of VD and MFI in SLE-PAH can contribute to evaluating the systemic haemodynamic changes caused by PAH and a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of SLE-PAH.

Ince C.Hemodynamic coherence and the rationale for monitoring the microcirculation. Crit Care. 2015;19 Suppl 3(Suppl 3):S8.

SPSS version 26.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics are reported for continuous variables as the means ± standard deviations for normally distributed data or as the medians (interquartile ranges) for nonnormally distributed data. Categorical variables are presented as frequencies and percentages. Comparisons between two groups were assessed using either the independent samples t test or the Mann‒Whitney U test for continuous variables and the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. Correlation analysis was conducted using Pearson’s test or, if appropriate, Spearman’s test. Logistic regression analysis was employed to identify potential risk factors and generate a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The discriminatory performance of potential predictive factors for SLE-PAH was evaluated by calculating the area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity. The cut-off point for identifying potential predictive factors was determined through ROC analysis. All statistical tests were two-tailed, and statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05.

During this study, patients underwent regular visits every 1–3 months. Risk stratification based on the 2015 European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/European Respiratory Society (ERS) Guidelines was conducted [10], involving the evaluation of various parameters such as N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), 6-minute walking distance (6MWD), World Health Organization functional class (WHO-FC), and echocardiography. These assessments were carried out at intervals of 1–3 months over a 6-month follow-up period. The primary outcome of this study was the risk stratification of PAH, considering an improvement if there was a decline in the risk stratification grade at the endpoint and no improvement otherwise.

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Xiong J, Yu S, Liu R, et al. The role of conjunctival microvasculation combined with echocardiography in evaluating pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic lupus erythematosus. Dis Markers. 2021;2021:2135942.

Vessel density (VD) and microvascular flow index (MFI) are essential parameters in microcirculation [21]. VD refers to the number of blood vessels in a unit area. The level of vascular density reflects the distribution of microvessels and the degree of blood supply. The formation and regulation of vascular density involve multiple mechanisms, including angiogenesis, proinflammatory cytokine release, and vascular constriction and dilation. For instance, angiogenic factors such as VEGF stimulate the formation of new blood vessels. The release of cytokines and chemical mediators may induce vascular constriction or dilation, thereby regulating vascular density. MFI assesses the haemodynamic characteristics of microcirculation by measuring the average flow velocity and density of red blood cells in microvessels. It reflects the blood flow velocity and volume in the microcirculation. Clinically, changes in MFI effectively indicate alterations in blood perfusion. Higher MFI values indicate faster blood flow velocity and larger vascular blood volume [7].

Cooper ES, Silverstein DC. Fluid therapy and the microcirculation in health and critical illness. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8:625708.

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In patients with PAH, elevated pulmonary arterial pressure leads to increased pulmonary vascular resistance. This results in decreased blood flow speed and capacity in pulmonary capillaries, causing a reduction in pulmonary blood volume and oxygen supply [28]. Consequently, there is a decline in oxygenation function and impairment of cardiac performance, which are caused by the severe condition of PAH and extremely elevated vascular resistance. Therefore, in cases of PAH occurring in SLE, bulbar conjunctival microvessels can exhibit widespread changes, such as twisting, haemorrhages, dilation, and microangioma. However, more importantly, in this study among patients with SLE-PAH who had a poor prognosis after treatment, microcirculatory VD and MFI were significantly reduced. Thus, clinically, for patients with significant reductions in VD and MFI, intensified treatment is necessary. Additionally, close monitoring of the trends in VD and MFI can provide an important basis for assessing treatment efficacy and predicting prognosis. This is very important for guiding clinical practice in SLE-PAH.

Qian J, Ding Y, Yang X, et al. The diagnostic and prognostic value of growth differentiation factor-15 in systemic lupus erythematosus-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pulm Circ 2023;13:e12195.

An SLM-7E digital slit lamp was used to detect conjunctival microvasculature. Each subject rotated their eyeballs up, down, left, and right to fully expose the required observation range. Eight conjunctival microvascular images were observed and recorded when the binoculars were in four different positions. The observations included the following: vessel twisting, dilation, haemorrhages, ischaemic areas, reticulum deformity, microangioma, blood vessel loss and wound spots (Fig. 1). For the vessel density (VD) calculation method, the image under a 40× mirror was divided into 16 grids with three horizontal lines and three vertical lines, and the number of lines passing through the grid was calculated and averaged. For the microvascular flow index (MFI), the image under a 100× microscope was divided into four directions, and the average was taken after integration. Normal flow was counted as 3 points, sluggish flow was 2 points, intermittent flow was 1 point, and no flow for at least 20 s was 0 points [11].

Johnson SR, Granton JT.Pulmonary hypertension in systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Eur Respir Rev. 2011;20(122):277–86.

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Benza RL, Miller DP, Barst RJ, et al. An evaluation of long-term survival from time of diagnosis in pulmonary arterial hypertension from the REVEAL registry. Chest 2012;142:448–56.

Savale L, Akagi S, Tu L, et al. Serum and pulmonary uric acid in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2021;58:2000332.

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This prospective observational study consecutively recruited patients diagnosed with SLE-PAH at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University from January 2021 to December 2021. All enrolled patients met the 2019 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus [8]. The diagnostic criteria for PAH included mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) > 20 mmHg, pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) ≤ 15 mmHg, and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) > 2 Wood units, as determined by right heart catheterization (RHC), or systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (sPAP) ≥ 40 mmHg, as assessed through transthoracic echocardiography combined with clinical manifestations [9]. Patients with interstitial lung disease, congenital heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary thromboembolism, or human immunodeficiency virus infection were excluded from this study. Additionally, patients presenting with conjunctival trauma, the presence of pterygium, inflammatory or allergic processes, and dry eyes, with or without Sjogren syndrome, were also excluded. This study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.

Add two D batteries to each battery holder and secure the lids. You are now in business! When you turn on the switch, the center LED will light for about one second indicating that you have battery power.

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Ulrich A, Wharton J, Thayer TE, et al. NIHR bioresource – rare diseases consortium; UK PAH cohort study consortium; US PAH biobank consortium. Mendelian randomisation analysis of red cell distribution width in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2020;55:1901486.

Corrado A, Correale M, Mansueto N, et al. Nailfold capillaroscopic changes in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension and systemic sclerosis-related pulmonary arterial hypertension. Microvasc Res. 2017;114:46–51.

The first key of the combination is the first byte. The second key uses the last five bits of the second byte (the first three bits being the wire codes). The bytes are transmitted using a 16-bit asynchronous serial stream with a stop and start byte. This data is fed into IC2 and transmitted. The data is transmitted at 1200 baud.

Moccaldi B, De Michieli L, Binda M, et al. Serum biomarkers in connective tissue disease-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2023;24:4178.

For the receiver, solder IC1 and IC2 to the board noting pin one. Solder the two resistors and the switch. Bend the wires of the transistors where the leads thicken, bending them backwards at a right angle. Secure them with 6-32 screws and nuts, and solder them in place. Place the 33 LEDS on the other side. The long leads go to the square pads. Solder from the top side. Run the battery holder wires though the strain hole and solder the red to positive and the black to negative.

The software is programmed so that if no signals are received within a one minute period (lights on), it will turn off the LEDS.

Yu S, Ni X, Zhao J, et al. Eye sign is an alternative for evaluation of the microcirculation in patients with systemic sclerosis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022;2022:1034535.

Tamosuitis T, Pranskunas A, Balciuniene N, et al. Conjunctival microcirculatory blood flow is altered but not abolished in brain dead patients: a prospective observational study. BMC Neurol. 2016;16:95.

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Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Donghu District, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, 330006, China

Starting left to right, push white, brown, yellow, and green wires through the chassis; solder them to the board. Push the antenna through the chassis and secure it to the board using its screw. When securing the lid, pull the solder braid over the lip of the box to ground the box.

SLE-PAH can lead to various conjunctival microvascular manifestations in which vascular density and microvascular flow index can be used to assess cardiopulmonary function and predict therapeutic efficacy and prognosis in SLE-PAH patients.

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The Linx Technologies RXM-418-LR receiver was constantly being bombarded with noise and gave me fits as I kept getting random turn on and off action. I took care of this by adding a piece of code in the software which insures that the signal is high for a period of time before it starts decoding the data.

According to Table 1, there were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the clinical parameters, including cardiac functional classification, NT-proBNP levels, 6MWD, conjunctival ischaemic areas, reticulum deformity, VD, and MFI, between the improved and nonimproved groups of SLE-PAH patients. Both groups of SLE-PAH patients presented with various conjunctival manifestations, such as vessel twisting, dilation, ischaemic areas, haemorrhages, reticulum deformity, and wound spots. Among these, conjunctival microangioma, vessel twisting, and wound spots were the most frequently observed changes.

It is important to note that due to resource and technical limitations, our study was unable to include right heart catheterization (RHC). As a result, the diagnosis and risk stratification of PAH were primarily based on noninvasive methods, such as echocardiography and other clinical assessments. We recognize this as a limitation of our study and suggest that future research should consider including this diagnostic tool for a more comprehensive evaluation.

Scatter plot of the correlation analysis of vessel density (VD), microvascular flow index (MFI), 6-minute walking distance (6MWD) and N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)

I have included an RSSI (received signal strength indicator) pad for those who want to troubleshoot or check the power of the transmitted signal. (See the RXM-418-LR specification sheet for further information.)

The LED rings are controlled by two NPN transistors. Two D batteries power both IC1 and IC2. Each transistor has a voltage drop of .8 volts. This allows the LEDS to be driven at 2.2 volts 20 milliamps each. The ground plane acts as a reflector.

Galiè N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, et al., ESC Scientific Document Group. 2015 ESC/ERS guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: the joint task force for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension of the European society of cardiology (ESC) and the European respiratory society (ERS): endorsed by: association for European paediatric and congenital cardiology (AEPC), international society for heart and lung transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Heart J. 2016;37(1):67–119.

The conjunctival microcirculation, as a crucial window into systemic microcirculation, indirectly reflects the overall state of microcirculation through the observation and measurement of conjunctival vascular density, vessel diameter, blood flow velocity, vascular branching pattern, endothelial wall, vascular reactivity and perfusion status [24]. The normal course of conjunctival microcirculation involves arterioles leading to capillaries and then proceeding through venules. Arterioles have a relatively straight course, while venules exhibit slight curvature. The calibres of both arteries and veins are uniform, with an arterial/venous ratio of approximately 1:2. Capillaries form a branching network. Under normal conditions, blood flow dynamics in arterioles appear as linear flow, while venules exhibit linear or granular flow. Capillaries show granular flow with occasional mild red blood cell aggregation. In comparison with other common methods for sublingual microcirculation and nailfold microcirculation, conjunctival microcirculation offers advantages such as being unaffected by external temperature and having a stronger correlation with visceral blood vessels [21, 25]. However, it also has certain limitations, including difficulties in cooperation during testing, complexity in examination procedures, and greater requirements for equipment and personnel expertise. To solve complex operational problems, eye signs were assessed through a clinical observational study involving a large sample size. Focusing on the distinct manifestations of conjunctival microcirculation changes in patients with a hypercoagulable state, a conjunctival vascular panel was defined, including vessel twisting, dilation, haemorrhages, ischaemic areas, reticulum deformity, microangioma, and wound spots (Fig. 1). This set of distinctive features is referred to as “eye signs.” Compared to conjunctival microcirculation examination, the detection of eye signs is simpler, as they can be observed using a conventional slit lamp or even with the naked eye. Clinical validation of eye signs demonstrates their high accuracy in assessing thrombosis or hypercoagulability, exhibiting a strong correspondence with nailfold capillary microcirculation [26, 27].

To determine which is the top of the box and which side the switch hole is on, place the board with the LEDS toward the 3.25” hole noting the mounting hole locations. Glue the antenna template to the top of the box and the switch hole template to the side of the box (where the switch is). Remove the board. Drill a 5/16” hole for the antenna and 1/4” hole for the switch plug. I used three #8 eye bolts for bungee cord mounting: two on the sides and one on the bottom. I cut them to shorten the length. Use two nuts on each eye bolt. Do not use an eye bolt next to the antenna. Drill three 3/16” holes in the center of the sides and bottom. Do not add the eye bolts at this time.

Assessing the risk of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is crucial in guiding standardized treatment and reducing mortality rates among PAH patients. Therefore, PAH risk assessment methods were introduced in the 2012 REVEAL study, the 2015 European PAH guidelines, and the 2018 6th World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension (WSPH) [10, 15, 16]. Evaluation indicators include clinical manifestations, the level of cardiac function, plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels, cardiac echocardiography and haemodynamic levels. However, in these risk stratifications, some risk parameters require high measurement conditions, such as cardiac index (CI) and mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) derived by right heart catheterization, limiting their practicality. Research has been conducted to identify simpler risk assessment indicators for daily clinical practice, such as age, right atrial area, pulmonary arteriole diameter, serum iron levels, red cell distribution width, and blood uric acid levels [17,18,19]. However, the predictive value of some risk assessment indicators used in CTD-PAH remains controversial. Current studies, particularly those involving nailfold video capillaroscopy [20], have revealed the importance of microvascular damage in systemic sclerosis (SSc)-associated PAH and support the hypothesis of systemic microvascular involvement in idiopathic PAH. These findings further suggest that although our research primarily focused on SLE and CTD-PAH, microvascular damage and its related clinical manifestations may also be equally important in other types of PAH.

Plug the transmitter into the trailer power connector. Bring both units into the cab and turn on. Turn on the key and step on the brake; both unit’s inner ring should light. Turn on the right turn signal; the right taillight should flash. Mark the box on the back with an “R.” Turn on the left turn signal; the left taillight should flash. Mark the box on the back with an “L.” Turn on the headlights; both outer rings should light.

Wu R.Role of eye’s sign in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders of systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int. 2014;34(4):583–86.

Zhao J, Wang Q, Liu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics and survival of pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with three major connective tissue diseases: a cohort study in China. Int J Cardiol. 2017;236:432–37.

In univariable logistic analysis, variables such as VD, MFI, WHO-FC, 6MWD, and NT-proBNP demonstrated statistical significance in both the improved and nonimproved groups (p < 0.05). In the multivariable analysis, age was included as a confounding factor. In Model 1 adjusted for VD, VD emerged as a significant predictor of SLE-PAH (HR 10.11, 95% CI 1.95–52.36, p = 0.006). Likewise, in Model 2 adjusted for MFI, MFI remained a significant predictor (HR 7.85, 95% CI 1.73–35.67, p = 0.008). Similarly, in the other adjusted models, WHO-FC (HR 0.12, 95% CI 0.02–0.75, p = 0.024), 6MWD (HR 1.02, 95% CI 1.00–1.03, p = 0.039), and NT-proBNP (HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.99–1.00, p = 0.010) were also identified as significant predictors (Table 4).

Spearman correlation analysis showed that VD and MFI were negatively correlated with NT-proBNP and WHO-FC (r < 0, P < 0.05) and positively correlated with 6MWD (r > 0, P < 0.05) (Table 2, Fig. 2).

De Backer D, Hollenberg S, Boerma C, et al. How to evaluate the microcirculation: report of a round table conference. Crit Care 2007;11:R101.

The transmitter is powered when you plug in the car or truck trailer connector. When the lights, brakes, or flashers are turned on, their power is used to transmit. The taillights are powered by two D batteries which should last about 100 hours with the lights on. Most trucks and cars come prewired with a trailer connector; the standard is a flat four wire connector with the designations shown below. Adapters are available for other types.

Humbert M, Kovacs G, Hoeper MM, et al., ESC/ERS Scientific Document Group. 2022 ESC/ERS guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2023;61(1):2200879.